N5
の(形容詞)
の(けいようし)
The 'one' that... (Indefinite pronoun, Adjective nominalization)
安いのはあのペンだ。
The cheap one is that pen.
Explanation
「の」 can stand for a noun that has already been mentioned, to avoid repeating it; it works like the English 'one' or the Chinese 的: 「新しいのを買いました」 (I bought a new one), 「赤いのは私のです」 (The red one is mine). It follows an い-adjective, or a な-adjective plus 「な」, and can then take 「は」, 「が」 or 「を」.
Mixed up with
After a な-adjective add 「な」: 「有名なの」, 「親切なの」, never 「有名の」.
It is generally used for things (clothes, cars, pens …); for people, 「人」 or 「方」 sounds more natural: 「親切な人」.